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The Titration Process Titration is a method for determining chemical concentrations using a reference solution. Titration involves dissolving or diluting a sample using a highly pure chemical reagent known as a primary standard. The titration process involves the use of an indicator that changes hue at the point of completion to signal the completion of the reaction. The majority of titrations are carried out in aqueous solutions, however glacial acetic acids and ethanol (in Petrochemistry) are occasionally used. Titration Procedure The titration method is well-documented and a proven quantitative chemical analysis method. It is utilized by a variety of industries, such as food production and pharmaceuticals. Titrations can be performed by hand or through the use of automated devices. Titration involves adding an ordinary concentration solution to an unknown substance until it reaches the endpoint, or the equivalence. Titrations can be carried out using a variety of indicators, the most commonly being phenolphthalein and methyl orange. These indicators are used to signal the conclusion of a titration and indicate that the base is fully neutralised. The endpoint may also be determined using an instrument that is precise, such as a pH meter or calorimeter. Acid-base titrations are by far the most common type of titrations. These are used to determine the strength of an acid or the amount of weak bases. In order to do this the weak base must be converted to its salt and then titrated against an acid that is strong (like CH3COOH) or an extremely strong base (CH3COONa). In the majority of instances, the point at which the endpoint is reached can be determined using an indicator such as the color of methyl red or orange. They turn orange in acidic solutions and yellow in neutral or basic solutions. Another type of titration that is very popular is an isometric titration that is usually carried out to measure the amount of heat generated or consumed during an reaction. Isometric measurements can be made by using an isothermal calorimeter or a pH titrator that determines the temperature of a solution. There are a variety of reasons that could cause the titration process to fail due to improper handling or storage of the sample, incorrect weighting, irregularity of the sample as well as a large quantity of titrant that is added to the sample. To avoid these errors, the combination of SOP compliance and advanced measures to ensure integrity of the data and traceability is the best way. This will help reduce the number of workflow errors, particularly those caused by handling samples and titrations. This is because the titrations are usually performed on small volumes of liquid, making these errors more noticeable than they would be in larger batches. Titrant The Titrant solution is a solution with a known concentration, and is added to the substance to be test. This solution has a property that allows it to interact with the analyte in order to create a controlled chemical response, that results in neutralization of the acid or base. The titration's endpoint is determined when this reaction is complete and can be observed, either by color change or by using instruments such as potentiometers (voltage measurement using an electrode). The volume of titrant used is then used to determine the concentration of analyte within the original sample. Titration can be done in a variety of different ways however the most popular method is to dissolve the titrant (or analyte) and the analyte in water. Other solvents like glacial acetic acids or ethanol can be utilized to accomplish specific purposes (e.g. petrochemistry, which specializes in petroleum). The samples should be in liquid form to perform the titration. There are four kinds of titrations: acid-base diprotic acid titrations, complexometric titrations and redox titrations. In acid-base tests the weak polyprotic is titrated with the help of a strong base. The equivalence is determined by using an indicator, such as litmus or phenolphthalein. These types of titrations are usually used in labs to determine the concentration of various chemicals in raw materials, like petroleum and oils products. Titration is also utilized in manufacturing industries to calibrate equipment and monitor quality of finished products. In iampsychiatry.uk of food processing and pharmaceuticals, titration can be used to determine the acidity or sweetness of foods, and the moisture content of drugs to ensure that they have the proper shelf life. The entire process is automated by the use of a titrator. The titrator is able to instantly dispensing the titrant, and track the titration for an apparent reaction. It is also able to detect when the reaction has been completed and calculate the results, then keep them in a file. It is also able to detect when the reaction isn't complete and stop the titration process from continuing. It is simpler to use a titrator than manual methods, and requires less education and experience. Analyte A sample analyzer is a system of pipes and equipment that collects the sample from the process stream, alters it the sample if needed and then transports it to the appropriate analytical instrument. The analyzer can test the sample using several concepts like electrical conductivity, turbidity fluorescence or chromatography. A lot of analyzers add substances to the sample to increase its sensitivity. The results are recorded on the log. The analyzer is used to test gases or liquids. Indicator A chemical indicator is one that alters color or other properties when the conditions of its solution change. This change is often colored however it could also be bubble formation, precipitate formation or temperature changes. Chemical indicators can be used to monitor and control a chemical reaction such as titrations. They are typically found in chemistry labs and are useful for classroom demonstrations and science experiments. The acid-base indicator is an extremely popular type of indicator used for titrations as well as other laboratory applications. It is composed of a weak acid which is combined with a conjugate base. The base and acid have distinct color characteristics and the indicator is designed to be sensitive to pH changes. An excellent example of an indicator is litmus, which turns red when it is in contact with acids and blue in the presence of bases. Other types of indicators include phenolphthalein, and bromothymol. These indicators are used to track the reaction between an acid and a base, and can be useful in determining the exact equilibrium point of the titration. Indicators work by having molecular acid forms (HIn) and an Ionic Acid form (HiN). The chemical equilibrium created between these two forms is pH sensitive which means that adding hydrogen ions pushes the equilibrium towards the molecular form (to the left side of the equation) and produces the indicator's characteristic color. The equilibrium shifts to the right away from the molecular base and towards the conjugate acid, after adding base. This produces the characteristic color of the indicator. Indicators can be used for other kinds of titrations well, such as the redox titrations. Redox titrations may be a bit more complex but the basic principles are the same. In a redox test, the indicator is mixed with an amount of acid or base in order to be titrated. The titration has been completed when the indicator's color changes in response to the titrant. The indicator is then removed from the flask and washed to remove any remaining titrant.